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''Hortus conclusus'' is a Latin term, meaning literally "enclosed garden". "The word 'garden' is at root the same as the word 'yard'. It means an enclosure", observed Derek Clifford, at the outset of a series of essays on garden ''design'', in which he skirted the conventions of the ''hortus conclusus''.〔Clifford, ''A History of Garden design'', (New York:Praeger) 1963:17.〕 Thus, at their root, ''both'' of the words in ''hortus conclusus'' refer linguistically to enclosure. ''Hortus conclusus'' is both an emblematic attribute and a title of the Virgin Mary in Medieval and Renaissance poetry〔Stanley Stewart, ''The Enclosed Garden: The Tradition and Image in Seventeenth-Century Poetry'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press) 1966, discussed late sixteenth and seventeenth-century poetry in English; its four first chapters trace the ''hortus conclusus'' theme in European literatures and the visual arts.〕 and art, suddenly appearing in paintings and manuscript illuminations about 1400,〔Brian E. Daley, "The 'Closed Garden'and the 'Sealed Fountain': Song of Songs 4:12 in the Late Medieval Iconography of Mary", Elizabeth B. Macdougall, editor, ''Medieval Gardens'', Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium 9) 1986, traced the sudden development about 1400 of painted images of the Virgin Mary in a ''hortus conclusus''.〕 as well as a genre of actual garden that was enclosed both symbolically and as a practical concern, a major theme in the history of gardening.〔Rob Aben and Saskia de Wit, ''The Enclosed Garden: History and Development of the Hortus Conclusus and its Re-Introduction into the Present-Day Urban Landscape'' (Rotterdam) 1999. A typological catalogue of design features and a design manual.〕 ==The Virgin Mary as ''hortus conclusus''== The term ''hortus conclusus'' is derived from the Vulgate Bible's ''Canticle of Canticles'' (also called the ''Song of Songs'' or ''Song of Solomon'') 4:12, in Latin: "''Hortus conclusus soror mea, sponsa, hortus conclusus, fons signatus''" ("A garden enclosed is my sister, my spouse; a garden enclosed, a fountain sealed up."〔(The whole text )〕 This provided the shared linguistic culture of Christendom, expressed in homilies expounding the ''Song of Songs'' as allegory where the image of King Solomon's nuptial song to his bride was reinterpreted as the love and union between Christ and the Church, the mystical marriage with the Church as the Bride of Christ. The verse "Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee" (4.7) from the ''Song'' was also regarded as a scriptural confirmation of the developing and still controversial doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception - being born without Original Sin ("macula" is Latin for spot). Christian tradition states that Jesus Christ was conceived to Mary miraculously and without disrupting her virginity by the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Holy Trinity. As such, Mary in late medieval and Renaissance art, illustrating the long-held doctrine of the Perpetual virginity of Mary, as well as the Immaculate Conception, was shown in or near a walled garden or yard. This was a representation of her "closed off" womb, which was to remain untouched, and also of her being protected, as by a wall, from sin. In the Grimani Breviary, scrolling labels identify the emblemmatic objects betokening the Immaculate Conception: the enclosed garden (''hortus conclusus''), the tall cedar (''cedrus exalta''), the well of living waters (''puteus aquarum viventium''), the olive tree (''oliva speciosa''), the fountain in the garden (''fons hortorum''), the rosebush (''plantatio rosae'').〔Timothy Husband, reporting the exhibition and its catalogue in ''The Burlington Magazine'', 125, No. 967 (October 1983:643).〕 Not all actual medieval ''horti conclusi'' even strove to include all these details, the olive tree in particular being insufficiently hardy for northern European gardens. The enclosed garden is recognizable in Fra Angelico's ''Annunciation'' (''illustration, above right''), dating from 1430-32. Two pilgrimage sites are dedicated to Mary of the Enclosed Garden in the Dutch-Flemish cultural area. One is the statue at the hermitage-chapel in Warfhuizen: "Our Lady of the Enclosed Garden". The second, "Onze Lieve Vrouw van Tuine" (literally "Our Lady of the Garden"), is venerated at the cathedral of Ypres. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hortus conclusus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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